Institute of Neurological Recovery Blog

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Edward Tobinick, M.D., the founder and Director of the Institute of Neurological Recovery (INR), invented the remarkable groundbreaking perispinal etanercept (PSE) treatment more than 25 years ago. As of July 2025, the INR has treated patients with chronic stroke from every state in the U.S. and from 109 countries.

PSE has been successfully used in the U.S., Europe and Australia to treat thousands of stroke survivors. In addition to unprecedented neurological improvements noted in thousands of patients and multiple published peer-reviewed scientific publications, the effectiveness of PSE for treating chronic stroke is also supported by favorable double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, university clinical trial data.

PSE is NOT a spinal injection. PSE involves a shallow, superficial injection with a very short, thin needle that CANNOT reach the spinal canal. Anesthesia is NOT NEEDED and patients can resume all of their usual activities immediately after treatment. Patients and their families have been amazed at how easy the process is.

The INR has treated patients from every populated continent of the world.

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